Wider Professional Reading

Wider Professional Practice [Part 4] I believe that education should be available for all. I feel particularly strongly that those from disadvantaged backgrounds should have the opportunity to experience learning and thus have the chance to make their own life choices. To work with a learner who realises his / her own worth is, to me, a greater experience than handing them a Maths or English certificate, although this is very rewarding, as well. So, perhaps, the first value that I would put forward would be to support the individual to ‘self’ develop – personally and educationally, giving opportunity for self-awareness and actualisation.This necessitates time, flexibility, encouragement and the ability to motivate [not always easy]; it also needs trust and mutual respect [often a failing cited by learners about teaching staff], which develop as the relationship progresses. Following on from this it is important that all have equal opportunity to succeed. Inclusion and establishing individual needs is important, as is being a good role model and exerting professional behaviour, thus, embedding standards which will support the personal growth of the learner.For some this positive role model will have been ‘by-passed’, but it is also as mentor, coach and counsellor where support should be available, if required. These values can help improve quality of life, develop potential and offer purpose to learners but will also, hopefully, make them productive citizens. Personal development in the student is paralleled in the educator – autonomy an important vision for learner and tutor alike To learn, ourselves, from experiences, reflection, evaluation and self-investigation is the basis for continuing professional development and enhances us as professionals, leading to a better teacher.It is a teacher’s responsibility to keep up to date with educational change and subject specialism, as well as technology advances and basic skills [English and Maths]. This can be attained through training, keeping up to date with news / current affairs and action research on points of interest. Although this is an individual’s responsibility, some institutions collaborate to improve systems – at my organization we have resources weeks, where we work together to improve and increase materials, and at tutor meetings issues are discussed and development undertaken [e. g. tandardization of portfolios]. So, good practice will be reliant on others, be it peer or formal observation, appraisal, sharing of resources, informal feedback or support from colleagues, and offers experiences to improve our skills and abilities. As a more seasoned practitioner it is also important to support others, be they new to teaching or purely in need of assistance, ideas or guidance, encouraging them and offering advice if needed – in a more formal setting as guide or mentor. This disseminates knowledge and if communicated effectively creates further good practice.Communication is another key. Clarity, empathy, listening skills and confidence all play their part in being a successful teacher. This skill is important when teaching learners but is also necessary when liaising with other staff and team members. To build rapport, a main feature of the communication process, enables better learning and will lead to collaboration, itself a highly sought after value within education. As mentioned in my company there is a close relationship between tutors and each will look to team members for support [be it resources, paperwork issues or problems with learners].Standard expectations, and therefore values, would be the ‘nuts and bolts’ of the job responsibility, and would include: planning and preparing for lessons, incorporating areas previously discussed [individual needs, challenges, different styles, methods and tools etc. ]; and learner feedback and assessment – important for learners to be able to chart their progress. It is important to give learners stretching targets, or there is risk of demotivation, but too difficult may likewise be off-putting – being able to judge the right level is a skill that comes with experience.The values of a teacher should mirror the IfL’s code of practice [2008], a document that lays out expected codes of conduct and professionalism. The basic principles are: integrity, respect, care, practice, disclosure and responsibility, and are in place for the benefit of ‘learners, employers, the profession and the wider community. ’ Although perhaps somewhat bombastic in approach and full of self-importance the core elements of the IfL’s mandate are what we, as ‘influencers of the future’, should be striving for – instilling morally sound values and judgements into our learners.

George Orwell, 1984 Essay

The introduction of the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four says it all. It cannot be denied that control is present in the society. A few sentences in the first paragraph: â€Å"On each landing, opposite the lift shaft, the poster with the enormous face gazed from the wall. It was one of those pictures which are so contrived that the eyes follow you about when you move. BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, the caption beneath it ran (Orwell 2). † How do you feel when you keep being reminded that someone is looking after you? Or, to be more politically correct, having you under surveillance? The introduction of the book is about Winston Smith who gets inside his London apartment. The tone of the introductory sentences is depressing and dark. The living conditions are undeniably squalid. In this part, it was clear that Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia are the three superpowers that divide the world into pieces. Oceania is where Winston Smith came from (Orwell 1). These superpowers are never in good terms with each other. Because of the wartime conditions that seem constant in the environment and the nature of the countries, the people of Oceania are always repressed. The conditions brought about by war caused the government of Oceania to let its people suffer through repression. The people are always monitored. Surveillance is as common as eating. The party members, however, are not always given enough supply. There is also a private rebellion taking place because the government was no longer humane. In this private rebellion, Winston Smith is a member of the Outer Party. Winston is writing in his diary every single day. Because this decision is crucial, he accepted that what goes with private rebellion is doing some forbidden steps. He has to do forbidden steps because he is serving a party that he did not want to serve (Orwell 2). He buys the diary which was part of the things confiscated during a raid into the proletariats. He meets a young lady outside the shop where he purchased the diary, and he noticed that it is the same girl who keeps on eyeing at him for a few days. Because Winston started feeling that he should be there, and because he felt that the woman was spying on him, he immediately tries to stay away from her (Orwell 2). With this introduction, it clearly shows how totalitarianism has ruled the world. Nineteen Eight-Four is a novel that shows negative utopia. It cannot be denied that totalitarianism was at its most rigid. Totalitarianism was the kind of power used to execute total control of the people (Ellis and Reed, 2008). Orwell had been successful in representing control, in which he introduced through an entity referred to as Big Brother. This has four branches. One is called the Ministry of Love, in which law enforcement is done. The other is called Ministry of Plenty, where economic affairs and issues are handled. The Ministry of Peace is what takes charge of the war taking place in the country and around the world. The Ministry of Truth is the one that manages the dissemination of propaganda. Without the Ministry of Truth, the printed materials and other things needed for administering propaganda won’t be equally distributed. These four ministries make up the government (Ellis and Reed 2). Meanwhile, Winston Smith does not conform to this ideology. This idea is spoon-fed to him, with the concept of Big Brother being used. The government is feeding him with unnecessary things and ideas that he, himself, knows he does not need. Going back to the life of George Orwell, it can be seen that he reflects the character in his novel. George Orwell, like Winston Smith, has the same aesthetic and social characteristics. They both have the same political perceptions. This may be the reason why the novel is undeniably an excellent one, because he could write it as easily as writing his own thoughts, beliefs and feelings. He wrote excellently the representation of control in just simple paragraphs like: â€Å"Behind Winston’s back the voice from the telescreen was still babbling away about pig-iron and the overfulfilment of the Ninth Three-Year Plan. The telescreen received and transmitted simultaneously. Any sound that Winston made, above the level of a very low whisper, would be picked up by it, moreover, so long as he remained within the field of vision which the metal plaque commanded, he could be seen as well as heard (Orwell 8). † In the novel, there was clearly no way of being aware about how an individual is being watched. If an individual had to make a sound, someone will always hear it. If an individual is in the dark, then he or she can be safe. But if it is bright out there, then there is no chance that the movement of the individual is monitored and fully observed (Orwell 8). The practice of control as a way of administering power was done through television surveillance in the novel. Security cameras are everywhere. Just about any spot, a speed camera will be seen. The citizens were disturbed, and especially Winston Smith, because the people were not free and they were no longer happy with their lives of what the government was doing to them. In a more physical point of view, George Orwell wrote the following to give the audience a better picture of how the government, in the novel, had controlled and repressed the people (Ellis and Reed 2). The political perceptions of George Orwell are shown through Winston Smith. Aside from Orwell’s perception of politics, he also showed his disbelief, or skepticism, rather, of mass media, through the character of Winston Smith. It is no surprise that George Orwell was skeptic of the media because he has spent some of his time working for BBC, also known as the British Broadcasting Company. By working for BBC, he was able to see how information was distorted before it is distributed to the public (Ellis and Reed 2). The information they got were not presented as is on television. He was aware as he witnessed how propaganda was distorted. Because of his experience in working for a mass media outfit, he knew that whatever the public was getting from the television, the radio and the newspapers were not at all completely true (Ellis and Reed 2). Other information and important facts were omitted before news is aired. Now, he came up with the novel to let the public know what is happening behind authorities, and how much control is being executed before the public gets what it gets (Ellis and Reed 2). Control, in this novel, is clearly represented because it does not state that control is destroying the society just because it is there. The novel Nineteen Eighty-Four clearly suggests that the government, or the state as a whole, is there to manipulate everything. Individuals in the society are being controlled by the state, and control is employed on the information being released to the public. In the novel, the â€Å"telescreen† is a constant object. The telescreen, in the novel, is a tool for control. Everyone needs to have a telescreen. It is a dominant item in any household in London, especially in Airstrip One, the capital city, which used to be referred to as England. Aside from the telescreen, other ways are used to employ power and a quote from the book is here to show it, â€Å"There will be no love, except the love of BIG BROTHER. There will be no laughter, except the laugh of triumph over a defeated enemy. There will be no art, no literature, no science. There will be no distinction between beauty and ugliness. There will be no curiosity, no enjoyment of the process of life† (Orwell 238). Indeed, the state, just like in today’s society, aims to reshape the minds of the people. Whatever is happening in the novel of George Orwell does not end there. It continues and is widely seen in our society today. Out society, through the television, convert our minds into what the government or the media thinks we should think about. The theories of mass media are there to help us understand that for the media to sell, they need to create something interesting for our eyes. We need to see controversies. With all these, we learn to create our sides. Creating our sides is never pure anymore because even before we learn to form our opinion, the media and the state already manipulates the information given to use. The tools we use to shape our minds when it comes to our thoughts on the elections, the issues on war and terror, and economic crisis, are shaped by a higher power by using control.

Musical Performance Anxiety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 20500 words

Musical Performance Anxiety - Essay Example We did an analysis of the Mozart effect, Bausch’s Bluebeard, effects of anxiety in athletes, and the various studies conducted on the reliability and veracity of the different phenomena associated with performance anxiety. An important idea in an article that we want to pursue and carry out as one of the main points for this paper is Andrew Steptoe’s ideas and results of his studies on the musician’s negative emotions and the problem of performance anxiety. Steptoe (2001:291) says that the musician is focused in his music, to express the words he wants to relay, the meaning and content, his emotions, and everything in that music – all these dominate his mind. Performance becomes threatened when his thoughts are over-intrusive, or interfere with concentration and become tinged with anxiety. The musician’s thoughts become a part of the exacerbating anxiety. The musician is faced with ‘threats’ such as appearing in public, the unfamiliarity of the hall, other technical sides that need to be fixed, travel arrangements, temperature, the size and the attitude of the audience, financial difficulties and lack of confidence on other participants. The musician also worries about forgetting the lines or the songs, fears of disapproval from friends, teachers or critics, and other anxieties. The musician’s mind is occupied with negative emotions during practice and actual performance. These emotions form the musicia n’s behavioral problems. Performance anxiety is a great concern for the musician. His career is threatened once he prepares for a performance.

Feedback Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Feedback - Essay Example Target marketing is a good opportunity for the company, which will allow in effective execution of plans and comprehension of the customer needs. As such, the return on investment through target marketing is high because the company will have an opportunity to comprehend the nature of business activities and achieve success. Differentiation is a strategy, which will aid the company in achieving success. Such is because the market of Australia is different in terms of economics, politics and cultural activities. Hence, differentiation will facilitate in ensuring that the company has different brands, which receive appraisal from the target markets. Nevertheless, Starbucks may not achieve success if it does not engage in extensive marketing of its brands in the competitive market environment. This is where the company needs to seek subsidiary sellers or intermediary sellers to ensure that its brands reach the market and achieve the best appraisal from customers. These innovative ways w ill create room for the achievement of success for the

Preparing fast and healthy meals on the go Essay

Preparing fast and healthy meals on the go - Essay Example Likewise, eating even a hurried breakfast or other meals could also cannot give the full complement of nutrients to the body, with the energy draining out later in the day. In addition, skipping meals or having hurried meals could also lead to binge eating, as missed breakfast could lead to heavy lunch or even dinner to overcome the tiredness. â€Å"Youll either overdo your evening meal, taking in too many calories because youre famished, or youll run low on energy and patience, since your body isnt adequately fueled to manage a busy schedule.† (Ehrensberger, 2009). Thus, it is clear that fast paced life and inability to have food at appropriate times and in apt quantities could lead to major short-term as well as long-term problems, thus being a ‘recipe’ for nutritional disaster. â€Å"If your normal busy-day routine is to skip meals or just grab an empty-calorie snack, sooner or later youre sure to collide with nutrition disaster.† (Ehrensberger, 2009). Chances of ‘disaster’ can be averted or even minimized if one starts to prepare and quick and healthy meals on the go, which can provide the ‘fuel’ to keep on going, as well as fulfill the needed nutrients. Preparing fast and healthy meals particularly the breakfast on the go will go a long way in providing the necessary energy for the day. So, individuals living in the fast lane or husbands and wives who both have tight professional commitments, can try out various fast and healthy meals, instead of skipping the meals or consuming hurried ready-to-eat high calorie foods. There are sizable numbers of fast and healthy meals, which apart from providing the needed energy and nutrition, can surely satisfy their palates. People always go for tasty foods, more than healthy ones, and so these quick and healthy meals have to be tastier. One of the steps that can be taken to prepare fast and healthy meals is to buy and stock key healthy foods. â€Å"Pre-cut veggies, purchased hard boiled eggs, individual cartons

Effective Communication in the project management perspective Essay

Effective Communication in the project management perspective - Essay Example There are notable consequences of miscommunication on the harmonious operation at the workplace. This calls for amicable avenues strategized to deal with consequences that result from miscommunication at the workplace. Actions taken to solve problems that result from gender difference initiated miscommunication help mitigate the consequences and ensure improved performance of employees in the workplace. Tannen hints out the variation in communication styles between men and women, a factor that spreads to cause effects as miscommunication in the workplace. Communication between men and their male colleagues in the workplace experience a series of difference. Men adopt hierarchal conversations and a time involves mockery, jokes and teasing among colleagues in the workplace (Tannen, 1994). On the contrary, women are keen in their conversations with their female colleagues and take utmost care and sensitivity. They ensure maximum awareness in their conversations with fellow women. In the ir conversations, women are keen to evade possibilities of interpretations that would judge them as assertive, firm or authoritarian. They tend to avoid aggressiveness and aim at remaining feminine in their conversations. ... They feel it is the most appropriate style for use in the workplace as opposed to men’s conversational style (Tannen, 1994). Men, however, view the communication style used by women as attributed to devious and deceitful for purposes as manipulation of ideas and processes. Men view such indirect style of communication used by women as falsehearted and involving dishonesty. There exists a rift between the perception of men and women of the communication styles used by the opposite gender. This acts as a foremost cause of miscommunication at the workplace between men and women. The gender difference affects the view that men and women have on the world. It notably changes the view that women and men have when dealing with different scenarios. Men and women react in different ways to diverse events. Men take life as a competitive space where there is the need to remain at par with the events in the contemporary world setting. They work to evade the consequences of failure and dis appointment in life. They assume a unique form of social order in the society where others are in high ranks while some in low ranks or position. Women, on the contrary, view life to involve a holistic form of co-existence. The miscommunication caused by gender difference at the workplace can have detrimental effects on the performance of employees. Evident consequences that may emanate from such miscommunication include unfair advantage received by a particular gender. Tannen (1994) notes that men receive fair advantages over women in the workplace. In what is referred to as a glass ceiling, women receive little opportunities at the workplace that bars them from rising up to high management and positional levels. A considerable number of professional

America's response to the Flat World Case Study

America's response to the Flat World - Case Study Example Apart from World Trade Organization (WTO) and General Agreement on Tariffs Trade (GATT), the United States has entered into small trade deals as part of their plan to pursue trade liberalization on multilateral, regional and bilateral fronts. Securing ties with strategic partners enables the United States to expand its already booming economy. It can conquer overwhelmingly small and developing economies through these trade agreements (McMahon, 2006). As of 2005, America has entered into ten Free Trade Agreements. The first trade agreement is with Israel in 1985. This was followed by Canada and Mexico which comprises the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) which took effect in 2004. A free-trade agreement with Jordan went into effect on December 17, 2001. Negotiations for free-trade areas with Singapore and Chile, begun in December 2000, have been completed. On January 21, 2003, the United States and Morocco announced their intention to negotiate a free-trade agreement, and on May 21, 2003, the United States and Bahrain announced such an intention (www.citizen.org/trade/nafta, 2006) . It was then followed by the partnership with the countries such as Australia, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Honduras. An agreement with Guatemala, the Dominican Republic and Costa Rica have passed congress and has yet to be enforced. There are three more agreements that are being considered by congress, with Oman, Peru and Colombia. Talks are be ing done with 11 more would be trade partners, either bilaterally, as part of regional deals or as members of customs union (McMahon, 2006). Free trade agreements (FTAs) are arrangements or pacts between countries to secure preferential deals with strategically important countries. It can help the companies to enter and compete more easily in the global marketplace. In these kinds of agreements, this will help level the international playing field and encourage foreign governments to adopt open and transparent rule making procedures, as well as non-discriminatory laws and regulations (McMahon, 2006). FTAs also help strengthen business climates by eliminating or reducing tariff rates, improving intellectual property regulations, opening government procurement opportunities, easing investment rules, and much more. These deals may be lowering or in some cases elimination of tariffs and other hindrances on goods. NAFTA for instance, has set limits for safety and inspection of meats sold in the grocery stores, new patents for medicines that raised its prices constraints on local government's ability to zone against sprawl or t oxic industries; and elimination of preferences for spending the tax dollars on U.S.-made products or locally-grown food (Gruben,1997). Related to this, international trade is an integral part of the U.S. economy, accounting for more than one-quarter of U.S. gross domestic product and supporting more than 12 million U.S. jobs, including 1 in 5 manufacturing positions. FTAs can be a catalyst for accelerating economic growth by allowing greater competition, encouraging the formation

Why Do We Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Why Do We Care - Essay Example This can be affirmed in delving into the broad spectrum of career paths that it offers- geologists, meteorologists, demographists, surveyors and many more professional fields. (Macmillan, 18). Through it we gain the requisite knowledge in understanding the various natural phenomena that occur. In the long run we are able to combat and curb the disaster levels. A student well endowed in the geographical world would for instance be able to make a very successful farmer by the knowledge of disaster management in terms of floods and draught as well as predictability of climate in climatology. Geography also plays a role in urbanization by affirming good and suitable areas for building; this can be related to geology and topography. Therefore, students are equipped with the understanding of development i.e. play a very vital role in architecture and Engineering. As we rap up, it is very evident that Geography is a key component of study that delves into student’s endeavors. It is a herb that greatly offers a variety of professional choices as well as equipping the learner to face the world at an added

Gulf War 1990-1991 war and it's affects on natural life Essay

Gulf War 1990-1991 war and it's affects on natural life - Essay Example According to United Nation Environmental Program, approximately 25-30 million barrels of crude oil was directed to sea. In addition, approximately 14 thousands tones of toxic smoke were released to the atmosphere. This led to acid rain. In addition, land spills became rampant. The Kuwait desert was left being inhabitable and people had to move to other areas. However, the water ecosystem was the most affected. Once the rain fell, all water that had oil was drained into the sea. This led to mass death of various sea inhabitants. This affected the aquatic food chain. Fish industry in Kuwait was thriving before the war. For instance, it was yielding approximately 120 thousands tones of fish each year (Finlan 92). However, this figure dropped drastically. This is because most of the fish died because of lack of adequate oxygen. In addition, plants were unable to thrive in the water because it was covered with oil. This made some fish to migrate to other areas. Other species that were als o affected by the oil spill include hawksbill turtles, dugongs, migratory birds, and sea snakes. By the time the war ended, the damage on sea was more than

State of the economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

State of the economy - Essay Example It means that the U.S. economy has improved a lot as compared to the U.S. economy back in 2008. Based on the historical trend of quarter-to-quarter growth in real GDP, the U.S. real GDP tend to increase during the 4th quarter of each year. The trend strongly suggests that demand for products and services usually increase between October to December of each year. (See Figure I – Quarter-to-Quarter Growth in Real GDP on page 2) CPI is defined as â€Å"a measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer† (Mankiw 834). There is a significant relationship between the real GDP and CPI. Given that the real GDP falls into negative values, the CPI also tends to be at the lowest value. For instance, the real GDP during the 4th quarter of 2008 was -9%. As a result, the CPI during these periods was following a declining trend from 216.573 in October 2008 down to 210.228 in December 2008. (See Table I – Five-Year Summary of CPI below; Figure II – Five-Year CPI Trend in U.S. on page 3) Unemployment rate is defined as â€Å"the number of unemployed people who want to have a job but do not have one† (Kennedy 36). The U.S. unemployment rate is somehow related to the county’s real GDP. Since the real GDP was at the lowest during the last quarter in 2008, its unemployment rate started to rise significantly on January 2008. It means that there were a lot of companies in the U.S. that had to implement a massive lay-off or close down the company due to bankruptcy. Since the 4th quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate in the United States was moving on a downward trend. The continuous decrease in the U.S. unemployment rate was possible since the U.S. real GDP and CPI was somehow increasing. (See Table II – U.S. Unemployment Rate below; Figure III – Trend of U.S. Unemployment Rate on page 4) Other useful economic indicators include: the producer price index (PPI), interest rates, and export and imports. Specifically the PPI

Elimination of Television Jerry Mander Essay Example for Free

Elimination of Television Jerry Mander Essay Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television Jerry Mander thinks that with television â€Å"there is ideology in the technology itself. † The four claims in this particular article are that: (1) television itself had come to define the people who use it, (2) the forms by which it is used, (3) its influence on people, (4) as well as the other significant outcomes that may later come from its use. He argued that television is a medium or a means through which people derive, process, and build ideas from. He used parallelism in his challenge or rebuttal argument when he likened television to the army. The army’s mandate is to fight wars that necessitate fighting, killing, defeating and winning over the enemy. It does not follow that the generals chosen to lead the army are the kind born to fight and kill, the same way that television was not conceived to breed the kind of people who watch it. In the concept of the automobiles, he used the climatic word order in his narrative argument. He enumerated the consequences of the invention of the automobile, the need for gas, oil to source it, refineries to process the oil, stations to pump gas into the car. Mander used emotive language in his causal argument to emphasize the change cars brought to people, like when â€Å"they evolved into car people †¦. Cars replaced human feet. † Television like the automobile triggers a lot of reaction from its existence and subsequent use. Advertisements are made on television because consumers watch TV, manufacturers make big sales because their products are advertised, and the line goes on. This argument is related to Mander’s take on Advertising. The evaluative argument on the comparison of television to advertising used a balanced sentence with equal and parallel ideas, when Mander wrote that advertising was â€Å"designed to persuade and dominate by interfering in people’s thinking patterns. † Television for its part has a strong influence on people to take a side of an issue, or to change their minds on others. In his concluding argument he takes the strong position of getting rid of television quickly if ours is to be restored to a sensible and rational and free-thinking society basis the above reasons. Reference Mander, Jerry. (1978). Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television. Harper Perennial.

The Evolution of Eukaryotic Cells from Prokaryotic Cells Essay Example for Free

The Evolution of Eukaryotic Cells from Prokaryotic Cells Essay DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms, is the acid that carries genetic information. RNA- Ribonucleic acid (RNA), is an acid that is present in all living cells, it’s main role is to act as messenger and carry instructions from DNA fro controlling the synthesis of proteins. What are Eukaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Organisms? A eukaryotic cell is a cell that contains complex organelles like nuclei or mitochondria enclosed within a membrane and eukaryotic organisms are organisms that are made up of eukaryotic cells like us, humans. What are Prokaryotic Cells and Prokaryotic Organisms? Prokaryotic cells are cells that lack nuclei and other organelles within the cell membrane; they have strands of DNA and RNA in them instead of nuclei. However, prokaryotic cells are not as simple as they look or sound. â€Å"The DNA in the prokaryotic cell unzips to make a molecule of RNA, and then the RNA makes proteins that help rebuild the cell wall. Sometimes the DNA reproduces itself, and then the new DNA molecule clings to the cell wall while the cell divides to make a new cell with the new DNA inside it. Prokaryote cells also have a little string of protein molecules that hangs off the end like a tail, called a flagellum. The cell can move this flagellum by pushing protons or energy at it, and it can use the flagellum to move itself from one place to another.† http://scienceforkids.kidipede.com/biology/cells/prokaryote.htm

Economic Analysis Of The Us Airline Industry Economics Essay

Economic Analysis Of The Us Airline Industry Economics Essay An economic analysis on the nature of competition, collusion and pricing in the US domestic airline industry was conducted primarily on the nature of the oligopoly market structure of the airline industry. The impact of deregulation was performed and analysed including mergers and acquisitions. An analysis on the prospect for low-cost carriers (LCCs) was also conducted including measures to ensure their long term survival when competing with full fledged carriers. Finally, an impact analysis of the global recession on the airline industry was conducted. Measurements that could lead to a sustainable recovery for the airline industry was reviewed and highlighted. INTRODUCTION The airline has experienced phenomenal growth since the first US airline began operating between Tampa and St Petersburg, Florida on January 1st 1914. Today, supersonic aircraft fly routinely across the oceans, providing travel and employment to many travellers. The airline industry has global operations and the competition between them is extremely high. During the early days, strategic interest in aviation outpaced the financial viability of fledging airlines. Government support intensified worldwide as financial instability deepened due to the Great Depression of 1930s. During this period, military interest in aviation received further boost from rising geopolitical tensions. International service was governed by tightly controlled bilateral agreements, restricting the number of cities that could be served typically by a single carrier from each country. In many cases, these agreements negotiated market allocations across carriers that were enforced through capacity restrictions or revenue division agreements. Prices generally were established jointly by the airlines themselves in consultation with the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the industrys largest trade group, subject to approval by each carriers government. Nevertheless, government intervention failed to achieve satisfactory results in terms of overall economic performance. With deregulation in 1978, it has helped to stimulate more competition in the US airline industry with the influx of small, low-cost carriers. A recent National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) working paper analysed the changes that have occurred in pricing, service and competition in the airline industry since the industry was deregulated in 1978. The study found that fares have declined since deregulation and efficiency has improved, but the volatility in industry earnings has continued and average earnings have declined. The average returns that the airlines have earned since deregulation are almost certainly insufficient to sustain the industry in its current state. The profitability of the airline industry is quite cyclical because travellers demand is sensitive to the overall performance of the economy. Yet, airlines must predict this demand accurately because of the lead time required to acquire aircraft. When airlines over predict demand, they would suffer losses. The IATA has recently doubled its forecast for losses in 2009 to US$9 billion and warned that the economic problems would continue for some time. The forecast was slightly better than the loss last year. But it was significantly worse than the associations projections in March this year that estimated a loss of US$4.7billion for 2009. Coupled with competition from low-costs carriers (LCCs) could further undermine the profitability of full-service carriers (FSCs). However, some industry experts believe that both will survive in parallel without losing many customers to each other. It is argued that LCCs induced either an additional demand or won clients for the air traffic, which would have gone otherwise by train or car. There is however, a concern that LCCs have turned the luxury service of fast travel with its implicit environmental damages into a day to day service for more and more people. The airline industry is in the midst of a dramatic restructuring. Many reasons have contributed to its fall in revenue. Some key success factors determine the success of the airline industry. Analysts say that the airline industry is likely to remain unstable and price increases are inevitable due to increasing costs. Furthermore, the rising concern for global warming and IATAs recent decision to cut emissions by 50% by 2050 is also likely to have some implications for cost of flying and profitability of the airline industry. The report has reviewed the structure of the airline industry and the nature of its competitions with specified focused on the airline domestic market including emerging competition from LCCs and the impact of globalised recession on the airline industry. NATURE OF COMPETITION, COLLUSION AND PRICING The enactment of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 eliminated price and entry regulation of the US domestic airline industry. [1] Since then it has grown tremendously. The US domestic market basically competed in an oligopoly landscapes. Hence there is certain level of barriers to competition like control over the computerised reservation systems used by travel agents have provided main carriers with a powerful weapon for disadvantaging smaller competitors. For example, American Airlines Sabre system and Uniteds Apollo system together accounted for three quarters of all national computer reservation systems in the late 1980s. Control of this important avenue for travel agents to make reservations enabled the majors to discriminate against smaller firms in a variety of ways from instituting screen bias favouring the on-screen presentation of the controlling firms flights, to charging exorbitant fees to other carriers for displaying their flights on these computer systems (transferr ing upwards of a half-billion dollars annually from the smallest to the largest carriers). [2] More recently, the Big Five carriers have joined together to collectively market their tickets online through their Orbitz Travel Web site [6], an alliance that may enable them to better coordinate their non-competitive oligopoly pricing and to circumvent rules put into place to prevent them from anti-competitive using their computer reservation systems while, at the same time, disadvantaging competing distributors of air tickets. [3] Predatory Pricing Dominant carriers were suppressing competition through predatory pricing. For example, when Spirit Airlines attempted to penetrate Northwests Detroit hub with a one-way Detroit-Philadelphia fare of $49, Northwest Airline responded by slashing its average fare on the route by 71% (from $170 to $49) and scheduling 30% more seats. Once Spirit abandoned the route, Northwest raised its fare to $230 and cut its seat capacity.[4] Similarly, when Frontier Airlines initiated service from Denver (United-dominated hub) to Billings, Montana, it offered an average fare of $100 which was half the prevailing fare charged by United. United, in turn slashed its fare to match Frontier. When Frontier exited the route, United raised its fare above its original level. [5] Collusion Collusion is a difficult game to play when the number of conspiring rivals is large. It is hard to keep a hundred firms in line when their cost structures differ, when their production facilities vary, and when some have an incentive to cheat on a price agreement or to violate output restrictions. Numbers make a difference. When numbers are large, conspiracies are difficult to organize, difficult to conceal, and difficult to enforce. However, public policy faces a serious challenge in oligopolistic industries like the case of the Airline industry where major carriers eschew outright collusion and rely instead on a course of conduct characterised as tacit collusion, or recognition of mutual interdependence to resemble the effects of outright conspiracy. The mechanics of tacit collusion is apparent particularly in an oligopoly market dominated by a few major players. Each carrier naturally recognises the mutual interdependence between it and its rivals. For example, Carrier X knows that it if were to cut price in order to increase its market share, its aggression would immediately be detected by carriers Y and Z, which would respond with retaliatory price cuts of their own. Market shares would be unaffected, but all carriers would now operate at lower prices and profits. Henceforth, Carrier X cannot expect to increase its market share or revenue at the expense of its rivals. It cannot afford to calculate in terms o f maximising its own profits in isolation but instead must constantly ask whether a particular decision on price or output will be not only in its own self-interest, but also in the best interests of its rivals. By recognising mutual oligopolistic interdependence, it must be concerned with group profits and group welfare. In other word, under oligopoly landscape, independent, aggressive, genuinely competitive behaviour is perceived as counterproductive-an irrational strategy for the individual carrier. In an oligopoly, groupthink will influence a carriers strategy when it is contemplating price increases as it cannot act alone. Hence, groupthink replaces the calculus of individual advantage, and each carrier must behave as a responsible member of the oligopoly group rather than as a reckless, self-seeking competitor. In oligopolies, this recognition of mutual interdependence may extend to non-price competition. For instance, if carrier X refrains from aggressive price competition but seeks to increase its market share through aggressive innovation program, it cannot expect its rivals to sit idly by. It must expect them to increase their research efforts as a simple matter of self-defence, th ereby nullifying its expected gains. Anticipating such retaliation which could erode oligopoly profits- carrier X might refrain from innovation for the same reasons it would avoid price-cutting. Rationality again commands responsible nonaggressive behaviours; the most effective profit-maximisation rule under oligopoly is to get ahead by getting along. Nevertheless, the level of oligopolistic interdependence and collusion varies from situation to situation.[8] It depends on such factors as whether the oligopoly is tightly knit (small number of firms) or loosely knit (a larger number);whether it is homogeneous or heterogeneous; whether it is symmetrical (having firms of roughly equal size) or asymmetrical (with one firm disproportionately larger); whether or not the industry is mature (having had time to develop its internal arrangements and institutions to promote cooperation); whether the industry is populated by reasonable managers or by a few mavericks. [9] In the US domestic market, the advent of the Internet has increased the efficient of signalling or collusion. Carriers can see what the competition is doing immediately by going to the Internet that allows them to react quickly to adjust their own prices. This is a far cry from the days when price books were set in type and could not be changed for months. Now most prices can be adjusted several times a day, if needed. Apparently, this is a game that the airlines are particularly adept at. As consumers have more transparent access to real-time flight pricing through online services like Orbitz Travel [6], the airlines are almost obligated to adjust to each other. This is particularly apparent on routes where there is no rogue player, like Southwest Airlines or JetBlue as they are (within limits) free to adjust prices upward. As long as the members of the oligopoly with real selling power tacitly agree that a major price war is not in their interest, chances are that prices can quickl y readjust themselves, keeping in mind the balance of costs and optimal prices for maintaining profitable sales levels. Fortunately, the combined market share of the Big Five network airlines (Delta, United, American, US Airways, and Northwest) that peaked in 1992 has been declining since deregulation. [7] Furthermore, with the influx of several low-cost carriers, tacit collusion is becoming difficult to organise, conceal and enforce even though oligopolistic rationality and its collusive consequences are inevitable concomitants of oligopoly industry structure. Pricing Pricing is important for the carriers. If prices are too low or too high, it can drag down profits. Thus, it is important for the carriers to derive profitable airfares and discourages unprofitable one. To maximise profits, the carriers should set prices so that marginal revenue just equals marginal cost. In other words, it should use profit-maximising prices as the starting point based on the economic model of pricing as shown in Diagram 1.0 which is called marginal cost pricing that clearly identifies a pricing strategy that will maximise profits. This pricing strategy also identifies the information needed to set prices, thus simplifying the process. In other words, the profit-maximising price is where the incremental margin percentage equals the reciprocal of the absolute value of the price elasticity demand. [8] Based on pricing rule, the carriers should adjust its price where there are changes in the price elasticity of demand or marginal cost since the carriers compete under oligopoly landscapes with homogeneous services. Airfares have dropped significantly over the years [10] since deregulation which helped to simulate competition resulting in the entrance of several low-cost carriers. This could partially be due to regulator and oligopolies increase efficiencies, putting direct or indirect price pressure on their suppliers as well as putting pressure on the wages and benefits of their employees. Hence, there is growing belief that oligopolies can be price-neutral as opposed to manipulating prices. The strategic variable for airline carrier is pricing in the short run. Generally without product and service differentiation, the basic service offered by the carriers would be rather homogeneous. Under the Bertrand model, the carriers which produce at constant marginal cost and compete aggressively on price in order to gain a bigger share of the market. Under such condition, the market equilibrium is perfectly competitive pricing. However, in a loosely knit oligopoly structure as in the case here, the individual carrier has incentive to offer heterogeneous services. Through heterogeneous services, it can charge personalised pricing or group pricing [9] based on passenger willing-to-pay to achieve higher profits. For example, if carrier X sells its airfares at a uniform price, it loses in two ways. Firstly, some passenger would be willing to pay more than $80 for a ticket during the last hour of the flight. Secondly the carrier does not sell to passengers who are willing to pay more than $50 but less than $60. This is illustrated in Diagram 2 below. By charging passengers at different price, the carrier could profitably sell to a much larger passenger base. Furthermore, with differentiated services, should one carrier cut its price below other carriers price; it would take away only part of the other carriers entire demand. Thus, carriers should have strong incentive to differentiate its offering in order to raise their equilibrium prices. However, there is a risk of loosing the market if the services are not on par with its pricing and demand. The carriers must balance their desire for market share at the same time avoid head-to-head price competition since the less differentiation in their services, the more direct will be in price competition among them and the lower would be incremental margins. IMPACT OF DEREGULATION ON THE US AIRLINE INDUSTRY The 1978 deregulation has path the way that allowed competition to begin to function as the prime regulator of decision making in the airline industry. Competition would allow the airline industry to develop and maintain an air transportation system that rely on actual and potential competition to provide efficiency, innovation, low prices, variety, quality air transportation services at the same time, emphasising safety as the highest priority in air travel.[11] In addition, carriers are free to determine their prices in response to particular competitive market conditions on the basis of such air carriers individual costs.[12] With deregulation, the number of certificated carriers offering passenger service in US has grown rapidly; in real terms after accounting for inflation, airfares averaged 13% lower by 1982; the proportion of air travellers flying on discount fares grew from 48% in 1978 to 80% by 1982. [13] The airline industry expanded at rates significantly greater than before. In fact, its load factors rose to the highest levels in fifteen years while industrys productivity increased with an estimated cumulative savings of some $10 billion. SUBVERSION OF COMPETITION Due to the lack of regulation or antitrust laws to regulate the newly deregulated airline industry, it has allowed large carriers to systematically acquired smaller, regional carriers that were rapidly expanding their routes and competitiveness in the newly deregulated environment. For example, Northwest acquired Republic Airlines, one of its major competitors in the upper Midwest; as a result of the merger, Northwest controlled more than 80 percent of the Minneapolis market and in excess of 50 percent of air travel in and out of Detroit [14]. Texas Air, which earlier had acquired Continental and New York Air, purchased Eastern Airlines and Peoples Express. In all, the Transportation Department approved every airline merger proposed to it once it had been assigned antitrust oversight of the field.[15] This has resulted in large carriers erecting additional barriers.[16]][17][18], obstacles[19][20] and predatory pricing[21][22][23][24] thus crushing what competition might appear. Subj ected to such predation, only thirteen new start-up airlines have emerged in the industry since 1989 and that only eight of these have managed to survive as independent entities. [25] By 1988, the major carriers had reportedly gained control over 48% of the nations fifty largest commuter lines, either through outright ownership or through operating and marketing links. [26] Table 1 show the downward trend of concentration in the immediate aftermath of deregulation was reversed after 1985 and trend upward. At the same time, a powerful system of fortress hub monopolies was erected across the United States as shown in Table 2. Table 1: Airline Concentration, 1978-2001 Combined Share of U.S. Market (%) 1978 1983 1992 2001 Four Largest Carriers 57.7 54.7 69.9 63.1 Eight Largest Carriers 80.4 74.1 95.7 90.3 Source: U.S. Congressional Budget Office, Policies for the Deregulated Airline Industry, Washington, DC, July 1988; Aviation and Aerospace Almanac (Washington, DC: Aviation Week, various years). Table 2: Airline Hub Monopolies, 1980 and 2001 Airport Leading Carrier Market Share (%) 1980 2001 Atlanta 52.5 79.2 Chicago OHare 31.6 45.9 Cincinnati 38.1 92.2 Dallas/Ft. Worth 36.0 61.6 Denver 27.3 65.1 Detroit 20.9 77.1 Memphis 41.6 62.1 Minneapolis 41.7 80.4 Pittsburgh 53.4 75.9 St. Louis 43.3 73.0 Salt Lake City 28.4 61.8 Source: Julius Maldutis, Airline Competition at the 50 Largest U.S. Airports-Update, Salomon Brothers, Inc., May 6, 1993, and Aviation and Aerospace Almanac (Washington, DC: Aviation Week, 2003), pp. 373-80. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the fault is not with deregulation. Instead, the main issues have been the failure of US government to enforce antitrust laws to enable competition to effectively regulate the field. It failed to recognise that deregulation is not synonymous with laissez-faire and that antitrust enforcement is vital if competition is to perform its function in a newly deregulated industry. Effective competition would prevent carriers from charging high and highly discriminating airfares. This is simply because passengers have the option of patronising competing air carriers. Effective competition would prevent carriers from offering deteriorating service at higher fares, which again, because passengers could choose to fly on alternative carriers. An effective competition would surely prevent an industry from being dominated by carriers with the highest costs rather than the lowest. [27] Therefore, a new regulation regime like antitrust law from the Justice Department is necessary to promote and protect competition. [28] With Antitrust law, mergers and alliances by the carriers could have been blocked to prevent any artificial barriers to competition and prosecuting any predatory practices or actions by carriers to ensure competition function effectively. PROSPECTS FOR LOW-COST CARRIERS AND PRICE-CUTTING WARS Low-cost carriers (LCCs) have experienced phenomenal growth in recent years in term of load factors, airlines launched, aircraft order and worldwide distribution. Its growth has come to a momentous point where LCCs is posing exciting challenges and opportunities to the airline industry. According to IATA and ICAD projections, LCCs will outpace their full service rivals in terms of traffic growth and earnings in 2009. With tougher economic conditions and lower fuel prices, LCCs will have a major advantage Ten years ago, LCCs did not have access to as many cities. Now, their reaches are broader thus making it easier for passengers to turn to them as choice selection. Moreover, the amenities cut by larger airlines mean that their offerings are not all that different from their low cost competitors. [29] Cost-conscious mainstream airlines are cutting cost in order to provide the lowest fares. As mainstream airlines slim down, it has given passengers more option to fly both comfortably and affordably. LCCs are able to keep their prices down by flying out of low cost terminals. In other words, it is very much dependent on the airport that can lower its charges [30]. It also relied on the Internet for online booking and providing very basic onboard services. Furthermore, LLCs usually stock their fleets with one type of aircraft to minimise the amount of training for crews. [31] With fluctuating fuel prices, economic downturn and continuing environmental pressures, LCCs need to be able to continue to create value to their target customers in order to gain the market trust. It must continuously evaluate its models carefully in order to identify new revenue streams, attract profitable customers to ensure its long term survival in a highly challenging and competitively industry. The bigger challenge will come from mainstream airlines as they embark on low fares flights. As more and more countries are adopting an open sky policy, this has opened up new routes for LCCs amid tough competition and new entrants. [32] As low cost carriers, it has to constantly keeps it cost down. One of the fundamental issues with LCCs is economies of scale. By exploring new routes, it can enjoy increasing returns to scale; the marginal costs will be lower than the average costs. Since the marginal units of production or service costs less than the average, any increase in production will reduce the average cost. Therefore, the average cost cure slopes downward as shown in diagram 3. This will be more apparent if the aircrafts, maintenance and crews have minimum fixed costs including a fixed quota on the airports charges. Apart from economies of scale, LCCs like JetBlue offers a relatively simple product, with little meal service, at relatively low fares. This helps JetBlue distinguishes itself from other carriers like Southwest by offering reserved seating, leather seats, and LCD TV at every seat. [31] Furthermore, it has offered a more traditional hub-and-spoke route structure and a more traditional mix of long and short-haul flights. Coupled with its friendly service and hassle-free technology (ticketless travel), no discount seats, all fares would be one-way with a Saturday night stay over never required. It strive to be truly customer-friendly with computer terminals that could be rotated to show the customer what the agent was looking at, giving a $159 voucher whenever a flight was delayed for more than 4 hours for reasons other than weather or air traffic, and giving a $25 voucher for misplaced bags. Its attempts to bring humanity back to air travel. JetBlues target market was people who are no t going to travel, people who are disgusted with their current choices, people who would drive, or people who would not go at all. Another differentiation was that JetBlue used new airplanes as opposed to other LCCs that used second-hand planes. In another words, it provided passenger another layer of comfort and safety factors. IMPACT OF GLOBAL RECESSION ON THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY Global recession and rising oil prices have major impact on the airline industry. Industry passenger revenues have declined nearly 15% which is equivalent to $80 billion. The impact was far greater than September 11 disaster. According to International Air Transport Association (IATA), the forecasted revenue loss has gone up by 50% from $4.7 to $9 billion. [33] Generally, first class and business class fliers have switched to economy class. Many businesses have freeze travelling and instead used video conferencing for meetings etc On top of this, cost pressures from rising jet fuel prices in 2008 forced up the industrys fuel bills to $165 billion and precipitated losses  of about $10.4 billion. Coupled with softer travel demand due to the spread of the H1N1 virus, have created a difficult business environment. [34] These forces that are affecting the industry are creating significant headwinds for the industry. SUGGESTED MEASURES Several carriers have taken the following measures: Reduce capacity on domestic and international routes. Aircrafts were grounded as a result including crews taking no-pay leave or shorter working week. Suspending non-stop services to certain routes. For example, Delta airline suspended its flight between Atlanta to Seoul and Shanghai. Reduce weekly frequencies of flights to certain destination while extending more flights to profitable routes Move quickly to rebrand and consolidate facilities, repaint aircraft and ramp-up our frontline training activities. accelerate integration like mergers and acquisitions MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS In time of tough operating environment, merger makes more sense than ever particularly for air carriers. This would provide competitive advantage and strengthens its financial foundation. It also will maintain tight controls on its costs and capital spending. [8] Mergers acquisitions (MAs) is the easiest way to add to gross income is through mergers. By buying an established business with developed services and markets is a lot easier than focusing on internal innovation or better business processes. Many companies add 30 percent, 50 percent, even 100 percent to the gross income line simply by making a strategic purchase. Furthermore, there is synergies like greater economic efficiency, economies of scale, critical mass or greater customer base. At the same time, with lesser competition, it helped to stabilise airfares. CONCLUSION The airline industry operates in an oligopoly structure. By recognising mutual oligopolistic interdependence, it must be concerned and be aware of the group profits and group welfare. Under oligopoly landscape, independent, aggressive, genuinely competitive behaviour is perceived as counterproductive-an irrational strategy for the individual carrier. With declining market share by the Big Five network airlines and influx of several low-cost carriers, tacit collusion is becoming more difficult to organise, conceal and enforce. Through innovative and differentiated services, airline carrier could increase its equilibrium prices and avoid head-to-head price competition. New regulatory regimes like Antitrust laws is necessary to promote and protect competition. With Antitrust law, mergers and alliances by large carriers could have been blocked to prevent any artificial barriers to competition and prosecuting any predatory practices or actions to ensure competition function effectively. The prospect of LCCS can be sustained if can offer differentiated services like JetBlue which differentiated itself from the suite of no-frill services to its passenger that is niche and unique. LCCS should focus on cost efficiency and economies of scale by exploring new routes so that marginal costs will be lower than the average costs. The global recession has severely reduced the revenue of the airline industry. Several measures have been taken and adopted by many carriers in order to pull through the bad times. However, to ensure long term survival and competitive edge, carriers need to consolidate through merger and acquisition in order to enjoy greater synergies like greater scale, economic efficiency, economies of scale, critical mass or greater customer base and keeping airfares stable.

The Aging of Hamlet Essay -- GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

The Aging of Hamlet "Books are not absolutely dead things, but do contain a potency of life in them to be as active as that soul was whose progeny they are" Milton I Read Hamlet the other day. It had changed considerably since I last read it. Hamlet himself was somewhat thinner, I thought; but he had also mellowed considerably; he was rather less cynical and a little more tolerant than he had been. Polonius was definitely more senile than before. Ophelia was less silly, and more of a pathetic figure than ever. Laertes was exactly the same: that sort of young man does not change; but Osrichad distinctly grown up. The Queen was a little fatter; and the King's teeth seemed to me to be needing attention. These were the principal changes I noticed in the play.... Some people will say that this is fantastic nonsense, and that it was I that had changed, not the play. Most imagine that when a work of art leaves the hand of the master, it remains in changeless beauty forever, though succeeding generations may feel differently about it, seeing it from different angles. It is to point out the fallacy of this common opinion that I am writing this essay. The fallacy springs from regarding a great work of art as a dead thing; whereas the distinctive fact about whatever has been created by genius is that it is alive and not dead. When Milton says that "books are not absolutely dead things, but do contain a potency of life in them to be as active as that soul was whose progeny they are," his statement is both too wide and too narrow: too wide, because it is not true of all books, but only of a very select minority, the majority being as dead as mutton; too narrow becau... ... Those creations which have such vitality in them are the works which we call "inspired"; perhaps, without twisting language too violently, we can say that that is the very meaning of "inspiration" - putting spirit into lifeless matter. I need scarcely mention the obvious fact that many things which pass for works of art at the time of their production are entirely uninspired, and consequently have no principle of vitality in them, no enduring life. Most of the plays written by Shakespeare's contemporaries are uninspired works, and therefore dead. Though I, personally, get a good deal of pleasure from reading them, I always feel, after an hour or two in their company, as if I had been walking about among specimens - some of them curious and some of them beautiful - in museum cases; unchanging things, things fixed forever in the frozen immobility of death.

Video Games and Ethical Responsibility Essay -- Video Games Ethics

Video Games and Ethical Responsibility We are the first generation to grow up in a world full of computers. Everyone and their cousin has one. It is almost impossible to go on a vacation anymore without seeing a computer. Some hotels and cruise ships have public computers and even many planes have video game systems built into the back of every chair. With computers being so predominant in our daily lives, we must have some use for them. Many people use them for work and many for the internet, but an overwhelming amount use them to play games as well. Games as simple as solitaire, as fun as pinball, or as challenging as chess. These are simple games that almost anyone can pick up. You can teach your four year old child how to play solitaire before you even have to teach them to shuffle a deck of cards. The simplicity of being able to play a game on a computer and the advancements in technology creates a huge market for video games, and with this, much more in depth and advanced games are created. Such as games where you c an charge onto Omaha Beach as a soldier in World War II, or you can live the life of a gangster and break every rule in the book, or you can build and then govern your own modern day city. These are just a few examples of what video game creators are offering people these days. Each of these games not only offers more in terms of how interactive they are, but they are also visually breath taking. Certain games are capable of letting you zoom in and to see a worm in an apple and then progressively zoom out to see the whole world. Other games allow you to shoot an enemy and watch his arm fall off or his head explode. Others even allow you to watch your army destroy and pillage an entire town. The appearance of everything is slightly less than lifelike and mistaking a video game for real life currently would be near impossible, but that is rapidly changing. The mental effects of allowing people to easily commit such atrocities in a realistic but virtual world are not known since we are the first generation to grow up with video games. Is it desensitizing us? Will we be more likely to perform these actions in real life? With questions like these being thrown up in the air, people wonder whether game developers have any responsibility over the content in their video games. The creation of the video game industry The first video game, P... ....S. Congress, House Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, The Impact of Interactive Violence on Children (Washington, DC: GPO, 2003) 2. 4 Pew Internet, Gaming Technology and Entertainment Among College Students, 2003, Pew Internet & American Life, 16 Nov. 2003, . 5 Andy Patrizio, Did Game Play Role in Suicide?, 2002, Wired News, 16 Nov. 2003, . 6 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, The Impact of Interactive Violence on Children (Washington, DC: GPO, 2003) 6. 7 Entertainment Software Rating Board, ESRB Game Ratings, 2003, Entertainment Software Rating Board, 16 Nov. 2003, . 8 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Governmental Affairs, Rating Entertainment Ratings: How Well Are They Working for Parents and What Can Be Done to Improve Them (Washington, DC: GPO, 2002) 2. 9 David Walsh, Sixth Annual Video and Computer Game Report Card, 2001, National Institute on Media and the Family, 16 Nov. 2003, .

Kmart - What went wrong? :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kmart's main weakness was that it had an aspiration to be all things to all people – its dabblings in drug stores, home improvement stores, bookstores, cafeterias and specialty stores in the 1980s and early 1990s seemed to spread the company very thin. This focus on diversification is just one example of how the retailer has often not made the wisest choices when faced with a tight spot.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By the 1980s, just before the rise of Wal-Mart, Kmart had become complacent. It believed it would be the king of discount retailing, now and forever. It didn't perform an accurate SWOT analysis, but to be fair, who could have seen the rise of Wal-Mart to the position of the world's number-one retailer? Still, as Wal-Mart built new stores in town after town, supported by cutthroat pricing and solid logistics, Kmart's complacency would cost them. Part of the problem was that as Wal-Mart was pouring money into information technology (IT), Kmart's IT budget continued to shrink – not just once, but several years in a row. While Wal-Mart's logistics and supply chain management got sharper, Kmart's stagnated. And while Wal-Mart was able to squeeze more value out of its stores and its systems, Kmart lost ground. By the time Kmart had finally decided to start devoting more resources to IT, it was so far behind Wal-Mart that catching up would have been a near-impossi ble task without the recession in the early part of this decade. With the effects of the recession taken into account, Kmart instead was consigned to also-ran status among discount retailers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another problem was that Kmart did not correctly anticipate customer needs. For instance, let's say that Kmart buys a new style of shirt and stocks it in pink, yellow, green and blue. Further, let's say that the blue shirts sell out immediately; the store is left with inventory of the three other colors. Yet Kmart doesn't reorder the blue ones because 75 percent of its inventory is still unsold – it's still got plenty of that style of shirt to sell. Wal-Mart, meanwhile, would order a new shipment of blue shirts. Their model takes the customer into account, not the inventory – Wal-Mart understands that it's the color the customers want, not the style (in this case, anyway).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of Kmart's biggest marketing miscues was the use of newspaper as its primary ad medium. Until about the 1980s, Kmart's primary form of advertising was flashy, expensive sales fliers that did not generate enough sales to offset their costs.

Korea & Art Essay

Korea is back then was heavily influenced by China particularly with China’s introduction of Buddhism to Korea. This had a very deep political, cultural and religious influence in the country. Art in Korea from the 1st to the 3rd century A. D. was mostly ceramics and sculpture. This was due to the introduction of the Potter’s wheel to the country. This was during the same time that iron technology was introduced to the country as well. Containers shaped like birds that have been discovered were dated back to this period and were said to represent Korean beliefs regarding the afterlife. These were apparently made for aesthetic, rather than for utilitarian purposes. Its manner of creation which was of soft and low-fired clay was very different from those which ere made for practical uses. This soft and low-fired clay wares were called the wajil t’ogi. This was later replaced during the 3rd century by the hard and high-fired stoneware called the kyongjil t’ogi. During the 4th century, Korea had already been divided into three kingdoms: Koguryo in the north, Paekche in the southwest, and Silla in the southeast. There was another 4th political entity called the Kaya Federaltion. It is made up of only small city states located in between Silla and Paekche. Prior to this century, the Chinese had already introduced a system of writing to Korea. During this century, this system of writing was adapted into the Korean Language and was referred to as the idu. Landscape painting was also a form of art in ancient Korea. The earliest one to have been found was dated to the 5th century A. D. and was found in a Koguryo tomb. It was a wall painting that depicted a group of hunters that were riding their horses as they were hunting. Its landscape setting was a simple drawing of a mountain. Another mural was later discovered inside Muyong- ch’ong (the Tomb of Dancers). It was an early example of Korean portrait and genre painting that had more focus on realism. A small gold and bronze sculpture of a seated Buddha was also found in Korea which dated back to the 5th century in the territory of the Paekche kingdom. It was one of the first proofs of the Buddhist influence in Korea.

Guava Leaves Extract for Skin Infections

strawberry strawberry true strawberry guava bush bush bush bush bush Leaves selection (Component in making goo) manipulation for acne Bathing Soap Chapter I Background of the line of business Nowadays tribe be foc development in herb tea fixs particularly those who ar park in the environment. One of the example is the guava bush lay down (genus genus genus Psidium guajava Linn). Based on research this pose is legal for healing and treating annoys and early(a) whittle contagious diseases. So in my research I want to call for a bathing cleanse out of it, ca economic economic consumption I bonk that it is gear upive. People, researchers, scientists were focusing to medicative defines.They want to base that there are shews that are to a biger extent essenceive against diseases especially in flake. This news report refers to a plant that canful buoy be made into a bathing soap and improves its quality while using this plant (guava leaves). I want people to apportion easily in treating their fur disorders. or else of boiling the leaves, now its favourable to apply. Boiling takes frequently time. Statement of the worry I stated that true guava leaves elicit is healthy for skin. Based on my research, it has m both constituents that is good for skin. It answers the following questions * Is there all constituents of guave leaves that is good for skin? What are those? * It can really treat skin disorders/ Acne? meditation * guava bush leaves is good handling for acne. * It has more a(prenominal) another(prenominal) components or constituents. * Constituents that is good for skin disorders, especially for acnies. Significance of the Study You can make a bathing soap with guave leaves unpack as discussion for acne. This plant is truly common to our environment, and a fount of its avaibility it is easy to cultivate. It contains many components for healing skin disorders. Scope and demarcation The necessitate of guava leaves and getting their aro function is often useful.It has the ability to treat, heal, disinfect skin disorders and capable of being a herb tea plant for acnes. Definition of Terms Astringent- nonpurulent properties Decoction- infusion of fresh leaves eng long time for wound cleaning and skin to prevent infection and to facilitate healing. Good for skin disorders. Volatile- a subject matter that changes into a vapor at a relatively low temperature. Eugenol- unctuous liquid from doves. (C10H12O2) Cloves- aromatic sp methamphetamine hydrochloride from the arid flower bud of a tropic tree. Tannin- a brownish or chicken substance found in plants and utilise in astringents.Saponins- soap from plants any conclave of chemical substances extracted from plants that form a oily lather mixed with water system and are employ to make soap and detergent. Amydalin- resin utilize in paints and adhesives. Resin- yellow or brown color and organic fertiliser substance from pl ants. Malic Acid- acid from growth a pale crystalline solid found in increases such as orchard apple trees. (C4H6O5) Aldehydes- organic conflate a highly reactive organic compound produced by the oxidation of an alcoholic beverage and having a CHO group especially the acetaldehyde. Ash- the powdered substance that is left when omething has been burnt. guava scientific Name Psidium Guajava Chapter II freshen up Related Literature Database File for guava bush (Psidium guajava) principal(prenominal) database Common name botanical name Ethnic uses Conditions Actions PLANTIMAGES Photos WEBRESOURCESGUAVA Product hunting Medline Abstracts USDA BARC DB HEAR info Purdue Info W? TROPICOS DB Ethnobotany DB Phytochem DB GRIN DB USF DB ITIS DB positions DB Raintrees rain forestMission Home scalawag Company Mission Philosophy Plant Harvesting Plant Images Rainforest Products Rainforest Gallery Rainforest Facts Article parting Rainforest Links another(prenominal) Links Print cusp Print Order Form run across Us Search Site secrecy Policy Conditions of Use Free usefulness EspanolPortuguesDeutschItaliano Francais Norsk Family Myrtaceae Genus Psidium Species guajava Common call yellow cattley guava, goiaba, guayaba, djamboe, djambu, goavier, gouyave, goyave, goyavier, perala, bayawas, dipajaya jambu, petokal, tokal, guave, guavenbaum, guayave, banjiro, goiabeiro, guayabo, guyaba, goeajaaba, guave, goejaba, kuawa, abas, jambu batu, bayabas, pichi, posh, enandi Part Used Fruit, page number, pare From The improve Power of Rainforest Herbs GUAVA herb tea PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS briny Actions Other Actions Standard Dosage stops play depresses CNS Leaves kills bacterium lowers rip compact Decoction 1 cup 1-3 kills fungi lops origination chicken feed times free-and-easy kills barm constricts crosscurrent vessels kills amebas promotes menstruation relieves pain fights save radicals reduces spasms supports heart Called guayaba in Spanish-speaking countr ies and goiaba in Brazil, guava is a common ghost tree or shrub in door-yard gardens in the tropics. It provides shade while the guava yields are eaten fresh and made into drinks, ice cream, and preserves.In the richness of the amazon, guava harvest-times often engender well beyond the size of tennis balls on well-branched trees or shrubs reaching up to 20 m high. Cultivated varieties reasonable about 10 meters in aggrandisement and produce lemon-sized proceedss. The tree is easily place by its distinctive thin, savourless, copper-colored bark that flakes off, cover a greenish layer beneath. Guava harvest-home today is considered minor in terms of commercial world heap but is widely grown in the tropics, enriching the diet of hundreds of millions of people in the tropics of the world.Guava has spread widely end-to-end the tropics because it thrives in a variety of soils, propagates easily, and bears harvesting relatively quickly. The fruits contain many seeds that can produce a mature fruit-bearing plant within four days. In the virago rainforest guava fruits are much enjoyed by birds and monkeys, which disperse guava seeds in their droppings and cause spontaneous clumps of guava trees to grow throughout the rainforest. TRIBAL AND HERBAL MEDICINE USESGuava may spend a penny been domestic in Peru several thousand years ago Peruvian archaeological sites take revealed guava seeds found stored with beans, corn, squash, and other gracious plants. Guava fruit is hush up enjoyed as a sweet treat by indigenous peoples throughout the rainforest, and the leaves and bark of the guava tree do a enormous history of medicinal uses that are still assiduous today. The Tikuna Indians decoct the leaves or bark of guava as a cure for looseness.In fact, an infusion or decoction made from the leaves and/or bark has been apply by many tribes for dissolution and dysentery throughout the Amazon, and Indians too employ it for affectionate throats, vomiting , stomach upsets, for vertigo, and to regulate catamenial periods. Tender leaves are chewed for bleeding gums and giving breath, and it is said to prevent hangovers (if chewed before drinking). Indians throughout the Amazon gargle a cockle decoction for mouth harebraineds, bleeding gums, or use it as a douche for vaginal discharge and to tighten and tone vaginal walls after childbirth.A decoction of the bark and/or leaves or a flower infusion is apply topically for wounds, ulcers and skin unrestraineds. Flowers are likewise mashed and applied to painful eye conditions such as sun strain, conjunctivitis or eye injuries. Centuries ago, European adventurers, traders, and missionaries in the Amazon Basin took the much enjoyed and tasty fruits to Africa, Asia, India, and the peace-loving tropical regions, so that it is now well-behaved throughout the tropical regions of the world. Commercially the fruit is consumed fresh or used in the making of jams, jellies, paste or set jam , and succus.Guava leaves are in the Dutch Pharmacopoeia for the preaching of dissolution, and the leaves are still used for profligacy in Latin America, Central and due west Africa, and southerlyeast Asia. In Peruvian herbal euphony systems today the plant is employed for dissipation, gastroenteritis, intestinal worms, stomachal disorders, vomiting, expectorates, vaginal discharges, menstrual pain and hemorrhages, and edema. In Brazil guava is considered an astringent drying agent and diuretic and is used for the same conditions as in Peru.A decoction is too recommended as a gargle for sore throats, laryngitis and swelling of the mouth, and used externally for skin ulcers, and vaginal irritation and discharges. PLANT CHEMICALS Guava is rich in tannins, phenols, triterpenes, flavonoids, essential oils, saponins, carotenoids, lectins, vitamins, part and fatty acids. Guava fruit is high in vitamin C than citrus (80 mg of vitamin C in 100 g of fruit) and contains appreciabl e amounts of vitamin A as well. Guava fruits are also a good offset of pectin a dietary fiber.The leaves of guava are rich in flavonoids, in particular, quercetin. Much of guavas therapeutic employment is attributed to these flavonoids. The flavonoids have demonst footstepd antibacterial drug drug activity. Quercetin is fantasy to add up to the anti-diarrhea magnetic core of guava it is able to warm up intestinal smooth muscle and conquer bowel contr proceedings. In addition, other flavonoids and triterpenes in guava leaves show spasmolytic activity. Guava also has antioxidant properties which is attributed to the polyphenols found in the leaves.Guavas important plant chemicals include alanine, alpha-humulene, alpha-hydroxyursolic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, alpha-selinene, amritoside, araban, arabinose, arabopyranosides, arjunolic acid, aromadendrene, ascorbic acid, ascorbigen, asiatic acid, aspartic acid, avicularin, benzaldehyde, butanal, carotenoids, caryophyllene, c atechol-tannins, crataegolic acid, D-galactose, D-galacturonic acid, ellagic acid, ethyl octanoate, essential oils, flavonoids, gallic acid, glutamic acid, goreishic acid, guafine, guavacoumaric acid, guaijavarin, guajiverine, guajivolic acid, guajavolide, guavenoic acid, guajavanoic acid, histidine, hyperin, ilelatifol D, isoneriucoumaric acid, isoquercetin, jacoumaric acid, lectins, leucocyanidins, limonene, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, lysine, mecocyanin, myricetin, myristic acid, nerolidiol, obtusinin, octanol, oleanolic acid, oleic acid, oxalic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, pectin, polyphenols, psidiolic acid, quercetin, quercitrin, serine, sesquiguavene, tannins, terpenes, and ursolic acid. BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND clinical RESEARCH The long history of guavas use has led modern-day researchers to field of battle guava extracts. Its traditionalistic use for diarrhea, gastroenteritis and other digestive complaints has been validated in numerous clinical studies. A plant dose has even been developed from guava leaves (standardized to its quercetin content) for the treatment of acute diarrhea. Human clinical trials with the medicine indicate its effectiveness in treating diarrhea in adults. Guava undulate extracts and fruit juice has also been clinically analyze for infantile diarrhea.In a clinical strike with 62 infants with infantile rotaviral enteritis, the recovery rate was 3 days (87. 1%) in those treated with guava, and diarrhea ceased in a shorter time period than controls. It was concluded in the study that guava has good cure effect on infantile rotaviral enteritis. Guava has many different properties that contribute to its antidiarrheal effect it has been enrolmented with pronounced antibacterial, anti amoebous and antispasmodic activity. It has also shown to have a soothe effect on intestinal smooth muscle, inhibit chemical processes found in diarrhea and aid in the re-absorption of water in the intestines.In other research, an alcoholic leaf extract was reported to have a morphine-like effect, by inhibiting the GI release of chemicals in acute diarrheal disease. This morphine-like effect was thought to be related to the chemical quercetin. In addition, lectin chemicals in guava were shown to bind to E-coli (a common diarrhea-causing organism), preventing its adhesion to the intestinal wall and and then preventing infection (and resulting diarrhea). The effective use of guava in diarrhea, dysentery and gastroenteritis can also be related to guavas documented antibacterial properties. Bark and leaf extracts have shown to have in vitro toxic action against numerous bacteria.In several studies guava showed significant antibacterial activity against such common diarrhea-causing bacteria as Staphylococcus, Shigella, Salmonella, Bacillus, E. coli, Clostridium, and Pseudomonas. It has also demonstrated antifungal, anti-yeast (candida), anti-amebic, and antimalarial drug actions. In a recent study with guine a pigs (in 2003) Brazilian researchers reported that guava leaf extracts have numerous make on the cardiovascular system which efficiency be skillful in treating maverick heat beat (arrhythmia). Previous research indicated guava leaf provided antioxidant effects beneficial to the heart, heart protective properties, and improved myocardial function.In two randomized human studies, the consumption of guava fruit for 12 weeks was shown to reduce contrast pressure by an mean(a) 8 points, decrease total cholesterin levels by 9%, decrease triglycerides by almost 8%, and increase good HDL cholesterol by 8%. The effects were attributed to the high potassium and water-soluble fiber content of the fruit (however 1-2 pounds of fruit was consumed daily by the study subjects to suffer these results ). In other animal studies guava leaf extracts have evidenced analgesic, sedative, and key tense system (CNS) depressant activity, as well as a cough suppressant actions. The fruit or fruit juice has been documented to lower lood sugar levels in normal and diabetic animals and humans. virtually of these studies confirm the plants many uses in tropical herbal medicine systems. CURRENT mulish USES Guava, known as the poor mans apple of the tropics, has a long history of traditional use, much of which is being validated by scientific research. It is a wonderful essential doctor for diarrhea safe decorous even for young children. For infants and children under the age of 2, just a cup daily of guava fruit juice is accommodating for diarrhea. For older children and adults, a cup in one case or twice daily of a leaf decoction is the tropical herbal medicine standard. Though not widely uncommitted in the U. S. arket, tea-cut and powdered leaves can be obtained from larger health food stores or suppliers of bulk botanicals. Newer in the market are guava leaf extracts that are used in various herbal formulas for a myriad of purposes from herbal antibiotic and diarrhea formulas to bowel health and weight red ink formulas. Toxicity studies with rats and mice, as well as controlled human studies show both the leaf and fruit to be safe and without side effects. GUAVA PLANT SUMMARY Main formulation Method decoction Main Actions (in order) antidysenteric, clean, antibacterial, antispasmodic, cardiotonic (tones, balances, strengthens the heart) Main Uses or dysentery (bacterial and amebic), diarrhea, colic, and infantile rotavirus enteritis as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial for internal and external bacterial, fungal, candidal, and amebic infections to tone, balance, protect and strengthen the heart (and for arrhythmia and some heart diseases) as a cough suppressant, analgesic (pain-reliever), and febrifuge (reduces fever) for colds, flu, sore throat, etc as a topical remedy for ear and eye infections Properties/Actions put down by enquiry amebicide, analgesic (pain-reliever), antibacterial, anticandidal, antidysenteric, antifungal, antimalarial, an tioxidant, antispasmodic, antiulcerous, cardiodepressant, cardiotonic (tones, balances, strengthens the heart), rudimentary nervous system depressant, cough suppressant, gastrototonic (tones, balances, strengthens the gastric tract), hypotensive (lowers blood ressure), sedative, vasoconstrictor Other Properties/Actions Documented by Traditional Useanti-anxiety, anticonvulsant, antiseptic, astringent, blood cleanser, digestive stimulant, menstrual stimulant, nervine (balances/calms nerves), vermifuge (expels worms) Cautions It has a cardiac depressant effect and is contraindicated in some heart conditions. Traditional Preparation The fruit and juice is freely consumed for its great taste, nutritional benefit and nutrient content, as well as an effective childrens diarrhea remedy. The leaves are prepared in a standard decoction and dosages are generally 1 cup 1-3 times daily. ContraindicationsGuava has latterly demonstrated cardiac depressant activity and should be used with caution by those on heart medications. Guava fruit has shown to lower blood sugar levels and it should be avoided by people with hypoglycemia. Drug Interactions no(prenominal) reported, however excessive or chronic consumption of guava may potentiate some heart medications. WORLDWIDE ETHNOMEDICAL USES Amazonia for diarrhea, dysentery, menstrual disorders, stomachache, vertigo Brazil for anorexia, cholera, diarrhea, digestive problems, dysentery, gastric insufficiency, inflamed mucous membranes, laryngitis, mouth(swelling), skin problems, sore throat, ulcers, vaginal discharge Cuba for colds, dysentery, dyspepsia gold coast coughs, diarrhea, dysentery, toothache Haiti or dysentery, diarrhea, epilepsy, itch, piles, scabies, skin sores, sore throat, stomachache, wounds, and as an antiseptic and astringent India for anorexia, noetic ailments, childbirth, chorea, convulsions, epilepsy, nephritis Malaya for dermatosis, diarrhea, epilepsy, hysteria, menstrual disorders Mexico for deafness, dia rrhea, itch, scabies, stomachache, swelling, ulcer, worms, wounds Peru for conjunctivitis, cough, diarrhea, digestive problems, dysentery, edema, gout, hemorrhages, gastroenteritis, gastritis, lung problems, PMS, shock, vaginal discharge, vertigo, vomiting, worms Philippines for sores, wounds, and as an astringent Trinidad bacterial infections, blood cleansing, diarrhea, dysenteryElsewhere for anorexia, aches, bacterial infections, boils, bowel disorders, bronchitis, catarrh, cholera, chorea, colds, colic, convulsions, coughs, diarrhea, dysentery, dyspepsia, edema, epilepsy, fever, gingivitis, hemorrhoids, itch, jaundice, menstrual problems, nausea, nephritis, respiratory problems, rheumatism, scabies, sore throat, spasms, sprains, stomach problems, swelling, tonic, toothache, ulcers, worms, wounds, and as an antiseptic and astringent References/Footnotes Conde Garcia, E. A. , et al. Inotropic effects of extracts of Psidium guajava L. (guava) leaves on the guinea pig atrium. Braz. J. of Med. & Biol. Res. 2003 36 661-668.Suntornsuk, L. , et al. Quantitation of vitamin C content in herbal juice using direct titration. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2002 28(5) 849-55. Beckstrom-Sternberg, S. M. , et al. The phytochemical database. (ACEDB var. 4. 3-Data version July 1994. ) National Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U. S. Department of Agriculture. Jimenez-Escrig, A. , et al. Guava fruit (Psidium guajava L. ) as a new source of antioxidant dietary fiber. J. Agric. nutrition Chem. 2001 49(11) 5489-93. Smith, Nigel J. H. , et al. Tropical Forests and their Crops. capital of the United Kingdom Cornell University Press. 1992. Arima, H. , et al. Isolation of antimicrobial compounds from guava (Psidium guajava L. ) and their structural elucidation. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2002 66(8) 1727-30. Morales, M. A. , et al. Calcium-antagonist effect of quercetin and its relation with the spasmolytic properties of Psidium guajava L. Arch. Med. Res. 1994 25(1) 17-21. Lozoya, X. , et al. Quercetin glycosides in Psidium guajava L. leaves and determination of a spasmolytic principle. Arch. Med. Res. 1994 25(1) 11-5. Begum, S. , et al. Triterpenoids from the leaves of Psidium guajava. Phytochemistry 2002 61(4) 399-403. Lozoya, X. , et al. Intestinal anti-spasmodic effect of a phytodrug of Psidium guajava olia in the treatment of acute diarrheic disease. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2002 83(1-2) 19-24. Wei, L. , et al. Clinical study on treatment of infantile rotaviral enteritis with Psidium guajava L. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2000 20(12) 893-5. Tona, L. , et al. Biological covert of traditional preparations from some medicinal plants used as antidiarrhoeal in Kinshasa, Congo. Phytomedicine 1999 6(1) 59-66. Lozoya, X. , et al. Model of intraluminal perfusion of the guinea pig ileum in vitro in the study of the antidiarrheal properties of the guava (Psidium guajava). Arch. Invest. Med. (Mex). 1990 21(2) 155-6 2. Almeida, C. E. , et al. Analysis of antidiarrhoeic effect of plants used in popular medicine. Rev. Saude Publica. 1995 29(6) 428-33. Lin, J. , et al. Anti-diarrhoeal military rating of some medicinal plants used by Zulu traditional healers. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2002 79(1) 53-6. Lutterodt, G. D. prohibition of Microlax-induced experimental diarrhea with narcotic-like extracts of Psidium guajava leaf in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1992 37(2) 151-7. Lutterodt, G. D. Inhibition of gastrointestinal release of acetylcholine by quercetin as a possible mode of action of Psidium guajava leaf extracts in the treatment of acute diarrhoeal disease. J. Ethnopharmcol. 1989 25(3) 235-47. Coutino-Rodriguez, R. et al, Lectins in fruits having gastrointestinal activity their participation in the hemagglutinating situation of Escherichia coli O157H7. Arch. Med. Res. 2001 32(4) 251-7. Abdelrahim, S. I. , et al. Antimicrobial activity of Psidium guajava L. Fitoterapia 2002 73(7-8) 713-5. Holetz, F . B. , et al. application of some plants used in the Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of infective diseases. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2002 97(7) 1027-31. Caceres, A. , et al. Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. 1. Screening of 84 plants against enterobacteria. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1990 30(1) 55-73. Garcia, S. et al, Inhibition of growth, enterotoxin production, and spore establishment of Clostridium perfringens by extracts of medicinal plants. J. Food Prot. 2002 65(10) 1667-9. Tona, L. , et al. Antiamoebic and spasmolytic activities of extracts from some antidiarrhoeal traditional preparations used in Kinshasa, Congo. Phytomedicine 2000 7(1) 31-8. Tona, L. , et al. Antiamoebic and phytochemical screening of some Congolese medicinal plants. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1998 61(1) 57-65. Nundkumar, N. , et al. Studies on the antiplasmodial properties of some South African medicinal plants used as antimalarial remedies in Zulu folk medicine. Me thods produce Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 2002 24(7) 397-401. Yamashiro, S. , et al. Cardioprotective effects of extracts from Psidium guajava L. and Limonium wrigth II, Okinawan medicinal plants, against ischemia-reperfusion injury in perfused rat hearts. pharmacological medicine 2003 67(3) 128-35. Singh, R. B. , et al. Can guava fruit breathing in decrease blood pressure and blood lipids? J. Hum Hypertens. 1993 7(1) 33-8. Singh, R. B. , et al. effectuates of guava wasting disease on serum total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and on systemic blood pressure. Am. J. Cardiol. 1992 70(15) 1287-91. Shaheen, H. M. , et al. Effect of Psidium guajava leaves on some aspects of the central nervous system in mice. Phytother. Res. 2000 14(2) 107-11. Lutterodt, G.D. , et al. effects on mice locomotor activity of a narcotic-like principle from Psidium guajava leaves. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1988 24(2-3) 219-31. Jaiarj, P. , et al. Anticough and antimicrobial activities of Psidium guajava Linn. leaf extract. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1999 67(2) 203-12. Cheng, J. T. , et al. Hypoglycemic effect of guava juice in mice and human subjects. Am. J. Clin. Med. 1983 11(1-4) 74-6. Roman-Ramos, R. , et al. Anti-hyperglycemic effect of some edible plants. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1995. The above schoolbook has been printed from The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs by Leslie Taylor, copyrighted 2005 All rights reserved.No part of this document may be reproduced or contagious in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any training storage or retrieval system, including websites, without create verbally permission. The statements contained herein have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The information contained in this plant database file is think for education, pastime and information purposes only. This information is not think to be used to diagnose, prescribe or replace proper medical care. The plant described herein is not intended to treat, cure, diagnose, mitigate or prevent any disease. Please refer to our Conditions of Use for using this plant database file and web site. procure 1996 to present by Raintree Nutrition, Inc. , Carson City, NV

Disadvantages of Using Cell Phone in School Essay

Mobile phones enable children and parents to remain in touch.For me, not giving a phone is the personal best solution. Having a phone opens up the opportunity good for others to do bad things.We want to minimise the risk factors. Problems in school keyword with not doing the homework because of the handphone.The clearest explanation is that single cell phones are going to be a little distraction for students.Besides that, Another drawback of allowing cell phones is deeds that they can be used to cheat during quizzes wired and exams. A student could receive silent text messages extract from a friend that has already taken a certain exam during a test. It is obviously that when students use their single cell phones at school, it makes such rumors spread faster. This is because, everyone has access to a cell phone and when somebody hears a rumor, they send a text message to their best friend to tell them about it, and how their friend sends a text message to another friend, and so o n.

Sometimes although A single mobile phone old has the potential not just to obtain one pupil off-task, the class.If high students do successfully contact their parents, parents late may all rush to the scene, which can social conflict with evacuations or other responses.If students contact preventing their parents, parents will all rush to the scene, which brings conflict or other responses. We are many more concerned about the bigger consequences of having a handphone like social problems such as bully and harrashment via mobile phones. Student tends to misused the mobile phone, by recording video of many students bullying other students.When they are misused, they become hazardous.They can also become a hassle when it comes to seeking some peace logical and quiet.

It is a technology that is not missing letter from our lives.Almost everybody has a cell phone.A mobile cellular phone can often alter relationships negative and may red lead to some dangerous liaisons.These days, it is one of the issues in Afghanistan.

Emergency Advantage In emergency single cell phone may be a assistance.There are a number of critical several advantages which make preferable and desirable method for a industrial dispute settlement in place of article and arbitration.Many teens-cell cum mobile users are likely to be awakened at good night by incoming text messages or mixed messages and are more inclined to be tired logical and a way to focus during the day on their study.Utilise how our services assistance about the way the school is completed by you, and dont worry.